Q.
A. http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa121602a.htm
The short answer to the question is: You can't be 100% certain! Manufacturers of inks and pigments are not required to reveal the contents. A professional who mixes his or her own inks from dry pigments will be most likely to know the composition of the inks. However, the information is proprietary (trade secrets), so you may or may not get answers to questions.
Most tattoo inks technically aren't inks. They are composed of pigments that are suspended in a carrier solution. Contrary to popular belief, pigments usually are not vegetable dyes. Today's pigments primarily are metal salts. However, some pigments are plastics and there are probably some vegetable dyes too. The pigment provides the color of the tattoo. The purpose of the carrier is to disinfect the pigment suspension, keep it evenly mixed, and provide for ease of application.
Color
Materials
Comment
Black Iron Oxide (Fe3O4)
Iron Oxide (FeO)
Carbon
Logwood
Natural black pigment is made from magnetite crystals, powdered jet, wustite, bone black,and amorphous carbon from combustion (soot). Black pigment is commonly made into India ink.
Logwood is a heartwood extract from Haematoxylon campechisnum, found in Central America and the West Indies.
Brown Ochre Ochre is composed of iron (ferric) oxides mixed with clay. Raw ochre is yellowish. When dehydrated through heating, ochre changes to a reddish color.
Red Cinnabar (HgS)
Cadmium Red (CdSe)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
Napthol-AS pigment
Iron oxide is also known as common rust. Cinnabar and cadmium pigments are highly toxic. Napthol reds are synthesized from Naptha. Fewer reactions have been reported with naphthol red than the other pigments, but all reds carry risks of allergic or other reactions.
Orange disazodiarylide and/or disazopyrazolone
cadmium seleno-sulfide
The organics are formed from the condensation of 2 monoazo pigment molecules. They are large molecules with good thermal stability and colorfastness.
Flesh Ochres (iron oxides mixed with clay)
Yellow Cadmium Yellow (CdS, CdZnS)
Ochres
Curcuma Yellow
Chrome Yellow (PbCrO4, often mixed with PbS)
disazodiarylide
Curcuma is derived from plants of the ginger family; aka tumeric or curcurmin. Reactions are commonly associated with yellow pigments, in part because more pigment is needed to achieve a bright color.
Green Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3), called Casalis Green or Anadomis Green
Malachite [Cu2(CO3)(OH)2]
Ferrocyanides and Ferricyanides
Lead chromate
Monoazo pigment
Cu/Al phthalocyanine
Cu phthalocyanine
The greens often include admixtures, such as potassium ferrocyanide (yellow or red) and ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian Blue)
Blue Azure Blue
Cobalt Blue
Cu-phthalocyanine
Blue pigments from minerals include copper (II) carbonate (azurite), sodium aluminum silicate (lapis lazuli), calcium copper silicate (Egyptian Blue), other cobalt aluminum oxides and chromium oxides. The safest blues and greens are copper salts, such as copper pthalocyanine. Copper pthalocyanine pigments have FDA approval for use in infant furniture and toys and contact lenses. The copper-based pigments are considerably safer or more stable than cobalt or ultramarine pigments.
Violet Manganese Violet (manganese ammonium pyrophosphate)
Various aluminum salts
Quinacridone
Dioxazine/carbazole
Some of the purples, especially the bright magentas, are photoreactive and lose their color after prolonged exposure to light. Dioxazine and carbazole result in the most stable purple pigments.
White Lead White (Lead Carbonate)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)
Zinc Oxide
Some white pigments are derived from anatase or rutile. White pigment may be used alone or to dilute the intensity of other pigments. Titanium oxides are one of the least reactive white pigments.
there is more info from this site, but this is the main info about tattoo ink.
The short answer to the question is: You can't be 100% certain! Manufacturers of inks and pigments are not required to reveal the contents. A professional who mixes his or her own inks from dry pigments will be most likely to know the composition of the inks. However, the information is proprietary (trade secrets), so you may or may not get answers to questions.
Most tattoo inks technically aren't inks. They are composed of pigments that are suspended in a carrier solution. Contrary to popular belief, pigments usually are not vegetable dyes. Today's pigments primarily are metal salts. However, some pigments are plastics and there are probably some vegetable dyes too. The pigment provides the color of the tattoo. The purpose of the carrier is to disinfect the pigment suspension, keep it evenly mixed, and provide for ease of application.
Color
Materials
Comment
Black Iron Oxide (Fe3O4)
Iron Oxide (FeO)
Carbon
Logwood
Natural black pigment is made from magnetite crystals, powdered jet, wustite, bone black,and amorphous carbon from combustion (soot). Black pigment is commonly made into India ink.
Logwood is a heartwood extract from Haematoxylon campechisnum, found in Central America and the West Indies.
Brown Ochre Ochre is composed of iron (ferric) oxides mixed with clay. Raw ochre is yellowish. When dehydrated through heating, ochre changes to a reddish color.
Red Cinnabar (HgS)
Cadmium Red (CdSe)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
Napthol-AS pigment
Iron oxide is also known as common rust. Cinnabar and cadmium pigments are highly toxic. Napthol reds are synthesized from Naptha. Fewer reactions have been reported with naphthol red than the other pigments, but all reds carry risks of allergic or other reactions.
Orange disazodiarylide and/or disazopyrazolone
cadmium seleno-sulfide
The organics are formed from the condensation of 2 monoazo pigment molecules. They are large molecules with good thermal stability and colorfastness.
Flesh Ochres (iron oxides mixed with clay)
Yellow Cadmium Yellow (CdS, CdZnS)
Ochres
Curcuma Yellow
Chrome Yellow (PbCrO4, often mixed with PbS)
disazodiarylide
Curcuma is derived from plants of the ginger family; aka tumeric or curcurmin. Reactions are commonly associated with yellow pigments, in part because more pigment is needed to achieve a bright color.
Green Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3), called Casalis Green or Anadomis Green
Malachite [Cu2(CO3)(OH)2]
Ferrocyanides and Ferricyanides
Lead chromate
Monoazo pigment
Cu/Al phthalocyanine
Cu phthalocyanine
The greens often include admixtures, such as potassium ferrocyanide (yellow or red) and ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian Blue)
Blue Azure Blue
Cobalt Blue
Cu-phthalocyanine
Blue pigments from minerals include copper (II) carbonate (azurite), sodium aluminum silicate (lapis lazuli), calcium copper silicate (Egyptian Blue), other cobalt aluminum oxides and chromium oxides. The safest blues and greens are copper salts, such as copper pthalocyanine. Copper pthalocyanine pigments have FDA approval for use in infant furniture and toys and contact lenses. The copper-based pigments are considerably safer or more stable than cobalt or ultramarine pigments.
Violet Manganese Violet (manganese ammonium pyrophosphate)
Various aluminum salts
Quinacridone
Dioxazine/carbazole
Some of the purples, especially the bright magentas, are photoreactive and lose their color after prolonged exposure to light. Dioxazine and carbazole result in the most stable purple pigments.
White Lead White (Lead Carbonate)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)
Zinc Oxide
Some white pigments are derived from anatase or rutile. White pigment may be used alone or to dilute the intensity of other pigments. Titanium oxides are one of the least reactive white pigments.
there is more info from this site, but this is the main info about tattoo ink.
how can i find someone that will breed a rat with mine?
Q. i have one female rat and i would like to breed her because i think the babies are so cute
A. Keep your cage clean. This will protect the baby rats from catching any diseases. To properly clean your rat cage, use 1 part bleach to every 10 parts water. When you are done disinfecting the cage, clean it out with a tiny bit of dish soap and hot water. You don't want to leave any bleach residue on the cage. Let the cage air-dry before putting the rats back inside.
Allow the baby rats to feed on mama rat's milk for about five weeks, give or take a week. If for some reason the mother rat cannot feed her babies, you will have to do it. Use infant soy formula and administer it through a medicine dropper. After that you can feed the babies fresh fruits and vegetables along with their daily laboratory pellets.
Get a bigger cage. Once your rats have babies, they are going to need a larger cage. Rats like their space and should not all be cramped together in a small cage. You need room for toys, water, food and an exercise wheel. Rats also need an area where they can lie down and go to sleep.
Keep lots of water in the cage. Don't use a regular little water dish, because the rats will knock it over. Buy the type of water bowl that attaches to the cage and has a metal dispenser that reaches into the cage. Whenever the rat drinks from it, it will dispense the water without spilling any. This is especially important while the mother rat is feeding her newborn babies. The mother needs to be hydrated and nourished to provide her babies with the healthiest milk.
Add toys to the cage if you don't have any already. Rats love to play, and baby rats will eventually need to start getting exercise so they can grow stronger. A workout wheel should be placed in every rat cage. Rats, including baby rats, enjoy crawling through tunnels. You can buy tunnels in a pet store or make them yourself out of PVC piping.
Keep your rats clean by giving them a bath. After a few weeks, you can begin giving your baby rats a bath too. You must use lukewarm water. It is best to do this in a sink rather than a bath tub. Rats should not get water or soap in their eyes, so don't fill the sink up all the way. A tiny bit will do. You can use dish soap to give your baby rats a bath, or you can use shampoo made for cats. Hold the baby rat up so you don't get anything in its eyes. Create a lather on the body and then rinse thoroughly.
Find homes for your extra baby rats. Rats have large litters. The average litter is 12 babies, and rats can produce up to 22 babies. It is highly unlikely that you will want to keep all of these rats. Choose the babies you want to keep. When they are weaned from their mother, you can find the other babies new homes. Check references for anyone who wants to adopt the baby rats so you are sure they go to good homes.
Allow the baby rats to feed on mama rat's milk for about five weeks, give or take a week. If for some reason the mother rat cannot feed her babies, you will have to do it. Use infant soy formula and administer it through a medicine dropper. After that you can feed the babies fresh fruits and vegetables along with their daily laboratory pellets.
Get a bigger cage. Once your rats have babies, they are going to need a larger cage. Rats like their space and should not all be cramped together in a small cage. You need room for toys, water, food and an exercise wheel. Rats also need an area where they can lie down and go to sleep.
Keep lots of water in the cage. Don't use a regular little water dish, because the rats will knock it over. Buy the type of water bowl that attaches to the cage and has a metal dispenser that reaches into the cage. Whenever the rat drinks from it, it will dispense the water without spilling any. This is especially important while the mother rat is feeding her newborn babies. The mother needs to be hydrated and nourished to provide her babies with the healthiest milk.
Add toys to the cage if you don't have any already. Rats love to play, and baby rats will eventually need to start getting exercise so they can grow stronger. A workout wheel should be placed in every rat cage. Rats, including baby rats, enjoy crawling through tunnels. You can buy tunnels in a pet store or make them yourself out of PVC piping.
Keep your rats clean by giving them a bath. After a few weeks, you can begin giving your baby rats a bath too. You must use lukewarm water. It is best to do this in a sink rather than a bath tub. Rats should not get water or soap in their eyes, so don't fill the sink up all the way. A tiny bit will do. You can use dish soap to give your baby rats a bath, or you can use shampoo made for cats. Hold the baby rat up so you don't get anything in its eyes. Create a lather on the body and then rinse thoroughly.
Find homes for your extra baby rats. Rats have large litters. The average litter is 12 babies, and rats can produce up to 22 babies. It is highly unlikely that you will want to keep all of these rats. Choose the babies you want to keep. When they are weaned from their mother, you can find the other babies new homes. Check references for anyone who wants to adopt the baby rats so you are sure they go to good homes.
an urgent question about disinfecting my infants' toys...?
Q. my daughter (4 months old) puts her toys in her mouth a lot. my little toddler cousin came over and i caught him chewing on her toys. i do not want to let her play with them until i have disinfected them. i have heard about immersion into soapy water but most of her toys are mechanical. it will ruin them! is there some product or something that i can safely disinfect her mechanical toys with such as a wipe or something? ive heard lysol is really good for toys and stuff but idk what would be good when she puts everything in her mouth. i dont need to be poisoning her or anything! so if you have any advice i would love to hear it! thanks!!! :D
A. I have always wondered the same thing. I found this:
http://householdtraditions.com/benefect.htm
It is a botanical disinfectant.
"Benefect® Botanical Disinfectant:
The First & Only Botanical Disinfectant in North America
Kills Over 99.99% of Bacteria, Fungus, TB and HIV
No Rinse or Wipe Required
No Warning Labels or First Aid Statements
No Mixing"
Benefect® is ideal for Hard Surface Disinfection on:
Kid's Toys & High Chair Trays
Diaper Pails & Change Tables
Countertops, Sinks & Food Preparation Surfaces
Sports Equipment
Toilet Seats
Sickrooms
Pet Areas
Garbage Cans
...& other similar surfaces where bacteria, mold and mildew or odors are a concern and where a botanical product is sensible.
I have yet to get this, but I will be soon! I give you thumbs up for not wanting to give her the toys until you disinfect them. Your cousin may not have tuberculosis, but he could have a cold or the flu and sometimes symptoms aren't noticeable right away so he "could" be contagious if he were sick. Good luck!
Edit: In the meantime (if you were to order the stuff above for later purposes), you could just wipe the toys down with a soapy rag and the wipe with a wet clean one. They say it takes a minimum of 20 seconds to kill germs with soap and
water.
Edit: Per the cdc website, germs can live from 20 min. up to 2 hours on a hard surface.
The disinfectant above is all natural. I would rather be safe than sorry, especially with an infant.
http://householdtraditions.com/benefect.htm
It is a botanical disinfectant.
"Benefect® Botanical Disinfectant:
The First & Only Botanical Disinfectant in North America
Kills Over 99.99% of Bacteria, Fungus, TB and HIV
No Rinse or Wipe Required
No Warning Labels or First Aid Statements
No Mixing"
Benefect® is ideal for Hard Surface Disinfection on:
Kid's Toys & High Chair Trays
Diaper Pails & Change Tables
Countertops, Sinks & Food Preparation Surfaces
Sports Equipment
Toilet Seats
Sickrooms
Pet Areas
Garbage Cans
...& other similar surfaces where bacteria, mold and mildew or odors are a concern and where a botanical product is sensible.
I have yet to get this, but I will be soon! I give you thumbs up for not wanting to give her the toys until you disinfect them. Your cousin may not have tuberculosis, but he could have a cold or the flu and sometimes symptoms aren't noticeable right away so he "could" be contagious if he were sick. Good luck!
Edit: In the meantime (if you were to order the stuff above for later purposes), you could just wipe the toys down with a soapy rag and the wipe with a wet clean one. They say it takes a minimum of 20 seconds to kill germs with soap and
water.
Edit: Per the cdc website, germs can live from 20 min. up to 2 hours on a hard surface.
The disinfectant above is all natural. I would rather be safe than sorry, especially with an infant.
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